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CompTIA Cybersecurity Analyst (CySA+) Certification Exam Sample Questions (Q78-Q83):

NEW QUESTION # 78
A security analyst must assist the IT department with creating a phased plan for vulnerability patching that meets established SLAs. Which of the following vulnerability management elements will best assist with prioritizing a successful plan?

Answer: C


NEW QUESTION # 79
While a security analyst for an organization was reviewing logs from web servers. the analyst found several successful attempts to downgrade HTTPS sessions to use cipher modes of operation susceptible to padding oracle attacks. Which of the following combinations of configuration changes should the organization make to remediate this issue? (Select two).

Answer: D,E

Explanation:
The correct answer is A. Configure the server to prefer TLS 1.3 and B. Remove cipher suites that use CBC.
A padding oracle attack is a type of attack that exploits the padding validation of a cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext without knowing the key. A padding oracle is a system that responds to queries about whether a message has a valid padding or not, such as a web server that returns different error messages for invalid padding or invalid MAC. A padding oracle attack can be applied to the CBC mode of operation, where the attacker can manipulate the ciphertext blocks and use the oracle's responses to recover the plaintext12.
To remediate this issue, the organization should make the following configuration changes:
Configure the server to prefer TLS 1.3. TLS 1.3 is the latest version of the Transport Layer Security protocol, which provides secure communication between clients and servers. TLS 1.3 has several security improvements over previous versions, such as:
It deprecates weak and obsolete cryptographic algorithms, such as RC4, MD5, SHA-1, DES, 3DES, and CBC mode.
It supports only strong and modern cryptographic algorithms, such as AES-GCM, ChaCha20-Poly1305, and SHA-256/384.
It reduces the number of round trips required for the handshake protocol, which improves performance and latency.
It encrypts more parts of the handshake protocol, which enhances privacy and confidentiality.
It introduces a zero round-trip time (0-RTT) mode, which allows resuming previous sessions without additional round trips.
It supports forward secrecy by default, which means that compromising the long-term keys does not affect the security of past sessions3456.
Remove cipher suites that use CBC. Cipher suites are combinations of cryptographic algorithms that specify how TLS connections are secured. Cipher suites that use CBC mode are vulnerable to padding oracle attacks, as well as other attacks such as BEAST and Lucky 13. Therefore, they should be removed from the server's configuration and replaced with cipher suites that use more secure modes of operation, such as GCM or CCM78.
The other options are not effective or necessary to remediate this issue.
Option C is not effective because configuring the server to prefer ephemeral modes for key exchange does not prevent padding oracle attacks. Ephemeral modes for key exchange are methods that generate temporary and random keys for each session, such as Diffie-Hellman or Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman. Ephemeral modes provide forward secrecy, which means that compromising the long-term keys does not affect the security of past sessions. However, ephemeral modes do not protect against padding oracle attacks, which exploit the padding validation of the ciphertext rather than the key exchange9.
Option D is not necessary because requiring client browsers to present a user certificate for mutual authentication does not prevent padding oracle attacks. Mutual authentication is a process that verifies the identity of both parties in a communication, such as using certificates or passwords. Mutual authentication enhances security by preventing impersonation or spoofing attacks. However, mutual authentication does not protect against padding oracle attacks, which exploit the padding validation of the ciphertext rather than the authentication.
Option E is not necessary because configuring the server to require HSTS does not prevent padding oracle attacks. HSTS stands for HTTP Strict Transport Security and it is a mechanism that forces browsers to use HTTPS connections instead of HTTP connections when communicating with a web server. HSTS enhances security by preventing downgrade or man-in-the-middle attacks that try to intercept or modify HTTP traffic. However, HSTS does not protect against padding oracle attacks, which exploit the padding validation of HTTPS traffic rather than the protocol.
Option F is not effective because removing cipher suites that use GCM does not prevent padding oracle attacks. GCM stands for Galois/Counter Mode and it is a mode of operation that provides both encryption and authentication for block ciphers, such as AES. GCM is more secure and efficient than CBC mode, as it prevents various types of attacks, such as padding oracle, BEAST, Lucky 13, and IV reuse attacks. Therefore, removing cipher suites that use GCM would reduce security rather than enhance it .
Reference:
1 Padding oracle attack - Wikipedia
2 flast101/padding-oracle-attack-explained - GitHub
3 A Cryptographic Analysis of the TLS 1.3 Handshake Protocol | Journal of Cryptology
4 Which block cipher mode of operation does TLS 1.3 use? - Cryptography Stack Exchange
5 The Essentials of Using an Ephemeral Key Under TLS 1.3
6 Guidelines for the Selection, Configuration, and Use of ... - NIST
7 CBC decryption vulnerability - .NET | Microsoft Learn
8 The Padding Oracle Attack | Robert Heaton
9 What is Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman? | Cloudflare
[10] What is Mutual TLS? How mTLS Authentication Works | Cloudflare
[11] What is HSTS? HTTP Strict Transport Security Explained | Cloudflare
[12] Galois/Counter Mode - Wikipedia
[13] AES-GCM and its IV/nonce value - Cryptography Stack Exchange


NEW QUESTION # 80
Which of the following would help to minimize human engagement and aid in process improvement in security operations?

Answer: D

Explanation:
SOAR stands for security orchestration, automation, and response, which is a term that describes a set of tools, technologies, or platforms that can help streamline, standardize, and automate security operations and incident response processes and tasks. SOAR can help minimize human engagement and aid in process improvement in security operations by reducing manual work, human errors, response time, or complexity.
SOAR can also help enhance collaboration, coordination, efficiency, or effectiveness of security operations and incident response teams.


NEW QUESTION # 81
A security analyst is reviewing a recent vulnerability scan report for a new server infrastructure. The analyst would like to make the best use of time by resolving the most critical vulnerability first. The following information is provided:

Which of the following should the analyst concentrate remediation efforts on first?

Answer: A

Explanation:
SVR02 has a CVSS score of 7.1 and is exploitable, making itthe highest priority for remediation.
* SVR01 (CVSS 8.9) is not exploitable, so it is a lower risk.
* SVR03 (CVSS 3.5) is exploitablebut has alower severitythan SVR02.
* SVR04 (CVSS 6.7) is not exploitable, reducing its urgency.
Thus,B (SVR02) is the correct answer, as it presentsthe highest immediate risk.


NEW QUESTION # 82
A security analyst receives an alert for suspicious activity on a company laptop. An excerpt of the log is shown below:

Which of the following has most likely occurred?

Answer: C

Explanation:
An Office document with a malicious macro was opened is the most likely explanation for the suspicious activity on the company laptop, as it reflects the common technique of using macros to execute PowerShell commands that download and run malware. A macro is a piece of code that can automate tasks or perform actions in an Office document, such as a Word file or an Excel spreadsheet. Macros can be useful and legitimate, but they can also be abused by threat actors to deliver malware or perform malicious actions on the system. A malicious macro can be embedded in an Office document that is sent as an attachment in a phishing email or hosted on a compromised website. When the user opens the document, they may be prompted to enable macros or content, which will trigger the execution of the malicious code. The malicious macro can then use PowerShell, which is a scripting language and command-line shell that is built into Windows, to perform various tasks, such as downloading and running malware from a remote URL, bypassing security controls, or establishing persistence on the system. The log excerpt shows that PowerShell was used to download a string from a URL using the WebClient.DownloadString method, which is a common way to fetch and execute malicious code from the internet. The log also shows that PowerShell was used to invoke an expression (iex) that contains obfuscated code, which is another common way to evade detection and analysis. The other options are not as likely as an Office document with a malicious macro was opened, as they do not match the evidence in the log excerpt. A credential-stealing website was visited is possible, but it does not explain why PowerShell was used to download and execute code from a URL. A phishing link in an email was clicked is also possible, but it does not explain what happened after the link was clicked or how PowerShell was involved. A web browser vulnerability was exploited is unlikely, as it does not explain why PowerShell was used to download and execute code from a URL.


NEW QUESTION # 83
......

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